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UNIVERSAL PRESERVATION FORMAT GLOSSARY

TERMS AND CROSS-DOMAIN DEFINITIONS
SOURCES
1 bit image

  1. An image comprised of pixel s that contain only a single bit of information . Each pixel is either on or off. Normally, "on" is white and "off" is black.

  1. Imaging Dictionary


24 bit image

  1. A 24-bit image contains pixel s which are made up of RGB triplets.
  2. A digital image that can include approximately 16 million possible colors. In this kind of image, 24 bit s are allocated for the storage of each pixel , allowing 2 to the power of 24 (or more than 16 million) colors to be represented.
  1. Imaging Dictionary

  2. Introduction To Imaging: Issues In Constructing An Image Database

4 Bit Image

  1. An image file format which allows for 4-bits per pixel . Such an image can contain up to 16 (24) different colors or levels of gray within it at one time.

  1. Imaging Dictionary


8 Bit Image

  1. An image where each pixel has 8 bit s of information in it. An 8-bit pixel can take on one of 256possible values . There are two common types of 8-bit images: gray scale and indexed color. In gray-scale images each pixel takes on one of 256 shades of gray and the shades are linearly distributed from 0 (black) to 256 (white). An 8-bit gray-scale image doesn't require a palette but may have one anyway. An indexed color image is always a palette image. Each pixel is used as an index into the palette. Thus these images can have up to 256 different colors in them at one time. This includes hues as well as shades. Indexed 8-bit images are good for low color resolution images that will not need to be processed later on. They are 3x's smaller than full-color RGB images, but because the pixel values are not linear many image processing algorithm s cannot work with them. They must be promoted to 24 bit first.
  2. A digital image that can include as many as 256 possible colors. In this kind of image, 8 bit s are allocated for the storage of each pixel , allowing 2 to the power of 8 (or 256) colors to be represented.
  1. Imaging Dictionary

  2. Introduction To Imaging: Issues In Constructing An Image Database

AAF Unique Identifier

  1. If one designs a clever system for generating these very large numbers, it can be guaranteed that every generated number is unique, that it is a number that no one has ever generated before and no one ever will generate again. These numbers are called Universal Unique Identifiers (UUIDs) or Global Unique Identifiers (GUIDs). The wonderful thing about UUIDs (and GUIDs) is that unique numbers may be assigned to every book published, to every person ever born, to every word in the dictionary, and so on without having to do any bookkeeping and tracking. AAF uses the term Advanced Authoring Format Unique Identifier (AUID) for these numbers that it uses to identify:
    Classes, properties, types , and effects
    Media objects and Media Data
    Generations of objects

    SMPTE Universal Labels are a compatible naming scheme for standardized elements such as media format s and metadata items.

    see identifier

  1. Advanced Authoring Format Specification


Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1)

  1. Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1). ASN.1 is a standardized way for describing structure d information .
  2. ASN.1 (Abstract Syntax Notation One) is a standard way to describe a message (a unit of application data ) that can be sent or received in a network. ASN.1 is divided into two parts: (1) the rules of syntax for describing the contents of a message in terms of data types and content sequence or structure and (2) how you actually encode each data item in a message. ASN.1 is defined in two ISO standards for application s intended for the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) frame work:

  1. Whatis.com Inc.

access

  1. This OAIS entity contains the services and functions which make the archival information and externally-available services visible to Consumers.
    SEE ALSO: archival
  2. (1) The availability of, or the permission to consult, records. (2) The ability or opportunity to obtain security-classified or administratively controlled information or records. See also ADMINISTRATIVELY CONTROLLED INFORMATION, CLASSIFIED INFORMATION.
  1. Reference Model For An Oais

  2. Federal Records Management Glossary

access control

  1. Provides means to access services and protection against the unauthorised interception of the services.
  2. Features for operational security may be included in a Wrapper format to prevent unauthorized access to Content. Operational security requires the use of a log-in procedure (or decryption key) and supports the user as an individual or a member of a group. Files may be protected by their location and by time limits. Access rights may be provided at several levels. Encryption is the only feasible mechanism of protecting components within a Wrapper.
  1. Digital Audio-visual Council

  2. Task Force For Harmonized Standards For The Exchange Of Program Material

access image

  1. User requirements for derivative "access" images, including speed of display, browsing versus in depth examination, and color/tonal fidelity will also become program mable. An early example of such considerations is seen in "progressive transmission" in which a complete, but low resolution image is transferred quickly; detail is added gradually until full image capture is displayed or the reader halts the transmission.
    SEE: thumbnail

  1. Conversion Of Traditional Source Materials Into Digital Form


acquisition format

  1. Typically, footage shot on S-VHS or Hi8 intended to be transferred to a higher quality format in order to retain quality during subsequent editing and copying.

  1. Cybercollege: Glossary Of Key Terms


additive primary colors

  1. Red, Green, Blue, which are the 3 colors used to create all other colors when direct, or transmitted, light is used (as in a video monitor). They are
    called additive primaries, because when these three colors are superimposed they produce white.

  1. Imaging Dictionary


administrative data

  1. This is metadata that relates to the management of an object in a particular server or repository. Some examples of information stored in administrative data is date of last modification, date of creation, and the administrator's identity.

  1. Warwick Framework: A Container Architecture For Aggregating Sets Of Metadata


Advanced Authoring Format

  1. The Advanced Authoring Format (AAF) is an industry initiative by the Promoters, for the purpose of specifying an extensible, platform -independent multimedia file format to meet authoring application interchange needs.
  2. The Advanced Authoring Format is a structure d container for media and metadata that provides a single object-oriented model to interchange a broad variety of media types including video , audio , still images, graphics, text, MIDI files, animation, compositional information and event triggers. The AAF format contains the media assets and preserves their file-specific intrinsic information , as well as the authoring information (in- and out-point, volume, pan, time and frame markers, etc.) involving those media assets and any interactions between them. To meet the rich content authoring and interchange needs, AAF must be a robust , extensible, platform -independent structure d storage file format , able to store a variety of raw media file format s and the complex metadata that describes the usage of the media data , and be capable of efficient playback and incremental updates. As the evolution of digital media technology brings the high-end and low-end creation processes into convergence, AAF must also be thoroughly scalable and usable by the very high-end professional application s as well as consumer-level application s. Structured storage, one of the technical underpinnings of AAF, refers to a data storage architecture that uses a "file system within a file" architecture . This container format is to be a public domain format , allowing interested parties to add future developments or enhancements in a due process environment. Microsoft is specifically upgrading the core technology compound file format on all platform s (Microsoft Windows¨, Apple¨ Macintosh¨, UNIX) to address the needs of AAF, for instance, files larger than 2 gigabytes and large data block sizes.
  1. Advanced Authoring Format Specification

  2. Advanced Authoring Format Specification

algorithm

  1. A rule (often mathematical) governing computer processes.

    see compression algorithm
  2. A formula or set of steps for solving a particular problem. To be an algorithm, a set of rules must be unambiguous and have a clear stopping point. Algorithms can be expressed in any language, from natural languages like English or French to program ming languages like FORTRAN. We use algorithms every day. For example, a recipe for baking a cake is an algorithm. Most program s, with the exception of some artificial intelligence application s, consist of algorithms. Inventing elegant algorithms -- algorithms that are simple and require the fewest steps possible -- is one of the principal challenges in program ming.
  3. The term algorithm (pronounced "AL-go-rith-um") is a procedure or formula for solving a problem. The word derives from the name of the Arab mathematician, Al-Khowarizmi (825 AD). A computer program can be viewed as an elaborate algorithm. In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm usually means a small procedure that solves a recurrent problem.
  1. Introduction To Imaging: Issues In Constructing An Image Database

  2. Pcwebopedia

  3. Whatis.com Inc.
analog

  1. measurement of data using electrical or other continuous physical variables, e.g. voltage, temperature, or pressure. An analog signal is transmitted in continuous form by electrical waves, whereby the sound of a person's voice or other noise is converted into electrical vibrations and carried from point A to point B. Contrast with Digital.
  2. Representing data by measuring a continuous physical variable, such as the rotation of hands on a clock, in contrast to a digital clock. See also COMPUTER, DIGITAL.
  3. A type of transmission in which a continuously variable signal encodes an infinite number of values for the information being sent. (Compare with "digital.")
  1. Library Of Virginia Glossary Of Frequently Used Terms And Acronyms Directory

  2. Federal Records Management Glossary

  3. Task Force For Harmonized Standards For The Exchange Of Program Material
analog 2

  1. Analog technology refers to electronic transmission accomplished by adding signals of varying frequency or amplitude to carrier waves of a given frequency of alternating electromagnetic current. Broadcast and phone transmission have conventionally used analog technology. Analog also connotes any fluctuating, evolving, or continually changing process. Analog is usually represented as a series of sine waves. The term origin ated because the modulation of the carrier wave is analog ous to the fluctuations of the voice itself. A modem is used to convert the digital information in your computer to analog signals for your phone line and to convert analog phone signals to digital information for your computer.
  2. As opposed to a digital signal, a signal that varies smoothly between certain ranges. An analog signal bears an exact, continuous relationship to the origin al information .
  1. Whatis.com Inc.

  2. Cybercollege: Glossary Of Key Terms

analog computing

  1. Analog computing is a term used by Paul Saffo of the Institute for the Future in Palo Alto, California, to describe silicon-based microsensors that sense and react to external (natural) stimuli in something that approximates the rhythm of reality rather than the "artificial" binary behavior of digital computing. Saffo foresees that, by implanting tiny machines including sensors and actuators in the same materials used to manufacture digital memory and processors (and by using some of the same manufacturing techniques), the next decade will increasingly find uses for "intelligent" material that responds to its environment in analog or dynamically responding fashion. Examples include packages that can "talk back" to their handle rs; airplane wings that can reshape themselves as they meet turbulence; chairs that can mold themselves into the best supporting shape for each person. Saffo's analog computers also go by the names of MEMS (micro-electromechanical systems) and smart matter.

  1. Whatis.com Inc.


analog-to-digital

  1. The process in which a continuous analog signal is quantized and converted to a series of binary integers.
  2. Analog-to-digital conversion is an electronic process in which a continuously variable (analog) signal is changed, without altering its essential content, into a multi-level (digital) signal. The input to an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) consists of a voltage that varies among a theoretically infinite number of values . Examples are sine waves, the waveforms representing human speech, and the signals from a conventional television camera. The output of the ADC, in contrast, has defined levels or states. The number of states is almost always a power of two -- that is, 2, 4, 8, 16, etc. The simplest digital signals have only two states, and are called binary . All whole numbers can be represented in binary form as strings of ones and zeros. Digital signals propagate more efficiently than analog signals, largely because digital impulses, which are well-defined and orderly, are easier for electronic circuits to distinguish from noise, which is chaotic. This is the chief advantage of digital modes in communications. Computers "talk" and "think" in terms of binary digital data ; while a microprocessor can analyze analog data , it must be converted into digital form for the computer to make sense of it. A typical telephone modem makes use of an ADC to convert the incoming audio from a twisted-pair line into signals the computer can understand. In a digital signal processing (DSP) system, an ADC is required if the signal input is analog .
  3. The process of converting an analog signal to digital data .
  1. Magnetic Tape Storage And Handling

  2. Whatis.com Inc

  3. Cybercollege: Glossary Of Key Terms
annotation metadata

  1. Encapsulation introduces a problem, however: a prospective reader needs to know how to open the encapsulation and read the record inside it. Furthermore, it is unreasonable to expect data administrators to open and read each encapsulated record every time they need to decide where to store it, how to index it, who should be allowed access to it, etc. The solution to these problems is to attach annotation metadata to the "surface" of each encapsulation , both to explain how to decode the obsolete records contained inside the encapsulation and to provide whatever contextual information is desired about those records.
    See encapsulation

  1. Pcwebopedia


application

  1. A specific use of computer, micrographic, or other information technology, such as in payroll or inventory control
  2. a set of objects that provides an environment for processing Application Service Layer information flows.
  3. 1) In information technology, an application is the use of a technology, system, or product. 2) The term application is a shorter form of application program . An application program is a program designed to perform a specific function directly for the user or, in some cases, for another application program . Examples of applications include word processors, data base program s, Web browser s, development tools, drawing, paint, and image editing program s, and communication program s. Applications use the services of the computer's operating system and other supporting applications. The formal requests and means of communicating with other program s that an application program uses is called the application program interface (API).
  1. Federal Records Management Glossary

  2. Digital Audio-visual Council

  3. Whatis.com Inc.
Application Programming Interface

  1. API: Specific Wrapper Profiles, particularly those emphasizing richness of data description may require a standard application program ming interface (API) to simplify the process of reading and writing the Wrapper format .

  1. Task Force For Harmonized Standards For The Exchange Of Program Material


architecture

  1. In information technology, especially computers and more recently networks, architecture is a term applied to both the process and the outcome of thinking out and specifying the overall structure , logical components, and the logical interrelationships of a computer, its operating system , a network, or other conception. An architecture can be a reference model, such as the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model, intended as a model for specific product architectures or it can be a specific product architecture, such as that for an Intel Pentium microprocessor or for IBM's OS/390 operating system . Computer architecture can be divided into five fundamental components: input/output, storage, communication, control, and processing. In practice, each of these components (sometimes called subsystems) is sometimes said to have an architecture, so, as usual, context contributes to usage and meaning. By comparison, the term design connotes thinking that has less scope than architecture. An architecture is a design, but most designs are not architectures. A single component or a new function has a design that has to fit within the overall architecture. A similar term, frame work, can be thought of as the structural part of an architecture.
  2. The manner in which a system (such as a network or a computer) or program is structure d. See also closed architecture, distributed architecture and open architecture. The general logical processing to capture, store, transmit and present images to the retrieving user .
  1. Whatis.com Inc.

  2. Price Imaging Corp: Terms & Definitions

archival

  1. A document that can be expected to be kept permanently as closely as possible to its origin al form. An archival document medium is one that can be "expected" to retain permanently its origin al characteristics (such expectations may or may not prove to be realized in actual practice). A document published in such a medium is of archival quality and can be expected to resist deterioration.
    Permanent paper is manufactured to resist chemical action so as to retard the effects of aging as determined by precise technical specification s. Durability refers to certain lasting qualities with respect to folding and tear resistance.

  2. Data preserved in its origin al state for a long period of time. The definition of length is flexible - anywhere from five to more than 100 years - depending on the storage medium.
  1. Council On Preservation And Access

  2. Price Imaging Corp: Terms & Definitions

archival backup

  1. A type of backup in which all files are copied to a backup storage device . Archival backup s are also called full backup . Contrast with incremental backup s, in which only modified files are copied.

  1. Pcwebopedia


archival image

  1. An image meant to have lasting utility. An "archival" digital image is generally an image kept off-line in a safe place; it is often of higher quality than the digital image delivered to the user .
    SEE ALSO: archival

  1. Introduction To Imaging: Issues In Constructing An Image Database


archival microfilm

  1. A photographic film that meets the standards for archival film described in NARA's micrographic regulations and that is suitable for the preservation of permanent records when stored in accordance with those regulations.
    SEE ALSO: archival

  1. Federal Records Management Glossary


archival quality

  1. The ability of material, such as processed prints or film , to resist deterioration sufficiently to meet standards for permanent records .

  1. Federal Records Management Glossary


archival record

  1. permanent records determined to be of sufficient additional historical, continuing or enduring value as to warrant the added cost of storage, conservation and preservation in an archival facility. Does not include all permanent records .
    SEE ALSO: archival

  1. Library Of Virginia Glossary Of Frequently Used Terms And Acronyms Directory


archival standards

  1. he standards to be met by a type of recording material or process in order for this material to have and retain specified characteristics necessary for permanent records . See also ARCHIVAL QUALITY, PERMANENT RECORDS.
    SEE ALSO: archival

  1. Federal Records Management Glossary


archival storage

  1. Storage conditions specifically designed to extend or maximize the lifetime of stored media. Generally involves the use of temperatures and humidities lower that access storage conditions. Temperatures and humidities are also tightly controlled within a narrow range, and access by personnel is limited.

  1. Magnetic Tape Storage And Handling


archive

  1. a repository specifically designed for preservation , storage, display and use of archival records.
    see archival
    see backup
  2. A collection of permanently valuable historical records document ing a particular subject or activity or transaction. Also the repository where such a collection is kept.
  3. A repository that intends to preserve information for access and use by one or
    more Designated Communities.
  1. Library Of Virginia Glossary Of Frequently Used Terms And Acronyms Directory

  2. Technical Services Department Glossary

  3. Reference Model For An Oais
archive 2

  1. 1) An archive is a collection of computer files that have been packaged together for backup , to transport to some other location, for saving away from the computer so that more hard disk storage can be made available, or for some other purpose. An archive can include a simple list of files or files organized under a directory or catalog structure (depending on how a particular program supports archiving). On personal computers with the Windows operating system , WinZip is a popular program that lets you create an archive (a single file that holds a number of files that you plan to save to another medium or send someone electronically) or extract its files. WinZip also compresses the files that are archive d, but compression is not required to create an archive . A WinZip archive has the file name suffix ".zip". In UNIX-based operating system s, the tar (tape archive ) utility can be used to create an archive or extract files from one. On mainframe operating system s such as IBM's MVS and OS/390, procedures for archiving or backing up files are often automated as a daily operation. 2) On Web sites as well as in libraries, an archive is a collection of individual publications that are often catalog ed or listed and made access ible in some way. Magazines, journals, and newspapers with Web sites sometimes refer to their back issues as an archive . 3) Web and FTP sites that provide software program s that can be downloaded sometimes refer to the list of downloadable files as an archive or as archive s.
  2. Long-term, off-line electronic storage, generally on some form of disc or magnetic tape .
  1. Whatis.com Inc.

  2. Cybercollege: Glossary Of Key Terms

ASCII

  1. Acronym for the American Standard Code for Information Interchange. Pronounced ask-ee, ASCII is a code for representing English characters as numbers, with each letter assigned a number from 0 to 127. For example, the ASCII code for uppercase M is 77. Most computers use ASCII codes to represent text, which makes it possible to transfer data from one computer to another. Text files stored in ASCII format are sometimes called ASCII files. Text editors and word processors are usually capable of storing data in ASCII format , although ASCII format is not always the default storage format . Most data files, particularly if they contain numeric data , are not stored in ASCII format . Executable program s are never stored in ASCII format . The standard ASCII character set uses just 7 bit s for each character. There are several larger character sets that use 8 bit s, which gives them 128 additional characters. The extra characters are used to represent non-English characters, graphics symbol s, and mathematical symbol s. Several companies and organizations have proposed extensions for these 128 characters. The DOS operating system uses a superset of ASCII called extended ASCII or high ASCII. A more universal standard is the ISO Latin 1 set of characters, which is used by many operating system s, as well as Web browser s.
  2. ASCII may have essentially replaced EBCDIC, Baudot, and various other text encodings, but it may soon be replaced by Unicode or some other scheme. It is erroneous to assume that any such standard will reign for long.
  3. To solve the problem of storing 36-bit words in 8-bit file systems, Dr. Bawden came up with the word file format . He designed it some time ago for the origin al problem of migrating ``important'' files between ITS and TOPS-20 machines, during the time when they coexisted in this building. The primary goal of the word file format is to preserve the readability of ASCII text. This translation is not one-way, so the 36-bit words can be reassembled by reversing the process. Therefore, we decided to continue using these word files for storing ITS data in our TCFS files.
  1. Pcwebopedia

  2. Metadata To Support Data Quality And Longevity

  3. Tape Archiving Using The Time Capsule File System
aspect ratio

  1. The proportion of an image's size given in terms of the horizontal length verses the vertical height. An aspect ratio of 4:3 indicates that the image is 4/3 times
    as wide as it is high.

  1. Imaging Dictionary


assembler

  1. An assembler is a program that takes basic computer instructions and converts them into a pattern of bit s that the computer's processor can use to perform its basic operations. Some people call these instructions assembler language and others use the term assembly language. Here's how it works: Most computers come with a specified set of very basic "instructions" that correspond to the basic machine operations that the computer can perform. For example, a "Load" instruction causes the processor to move a string of bit s from a location in the processor's memory to a special holding place called a "register." Assuming the processor has at least eight registers, each numbered, the following instruction would move the value (string of bit s of a certain length) at memory location 3000 into the holding place called register 8: L 8,3000 The program mer can write a program using a sequence of these assembler instructions. This sequence of assembler instructions, known as the "source code" or "source" program , is then specified to the assembler program when that program is started. The assembler program takes each program statement in the source program and generates a corresponding bit stream or pattern (a series of 0's and 1's of a given length). The output of the assembler program is called the "object program " (or "object module") relative to the input "source program ." The sequence of 0's and 1's that constitute the object program is sometimes called "machine code." The object program can then be run (or "executed") whenever desired. In the earliest computers, program mers actually wrote program s in machine code, but assembler languages or instruction sets were soon developed to speed up program ming. Today, assembler program ming is used only where very efficient control over processor operations is needed. It requires knowledge of a particular computer's instruction set, however. Historically, most program s have been written in "higher-level" languages such as COBOL, FORTRAN, PL/I, and C. These languages are easier to learn and faster to write program s with than assembler language. The program that processes the source code written in these languages is called a compiler . Like the assembler, a compiler takes higher-level language statements and reduces them to machine code. A newer idea in program preparation and portability is the concept of a "virtual machine." For example, using the Java program ming language, the output, called "byte code," is compiled for a theoretical computer. The byte code can then be sent to any computer platform that has previously downloaded or built in the Java virtual machine . The virtual machine is aware of the specific instruction lengths and other particularities of the platform and can execute the Java byte code.
  2. A program that translates program s from assembly language to machine language. Machine languages consist entirely of numbers and are almost impossible for humans to read and write. Assembly languages have the same structure and set of commands as machine languages, but they enable a program mer to use names instead of numbers.
  1. Whatis.com Inc.

  2. Pcwebopedia

asset management

  1. Wrapper format s must support indirect references to content Ð that is, references to objects which are themselves references to Content. This is a basic requirement used to support all manner of different material management systems. Effective asset management is required by the user s. This may be provided by either manual or automatic methods as appropriate. Wrapper referencing of Content can work most effectively where automation tools are provided for storage administration tasks and to ensure cohesive referencing when files are moved or copied.

  1. Task Force For Harmonized Standards For The Exchange Of Program Material


assets

  1. Things that a user sees or hears, e.g., bit map, audio , text.

  1. Digital Audio-visual Council


audio

  1. Audio document s are recordings made on a variety of (usually) magnetic media (see 3.3.1.6) of sounds only (as contrasted with video recordings (1.1.3) that also combine images). The evolution of such audio recordings has traversed a large number of different format s and physical media, including phonograph disks (records) of varying size (78 rpm's. 45 rpm's, 33 rpm's) and tape cassettes (of different format s), both of which are analog (see 1.1.6) recording technologies; and, more recently, compact disks and digital acoustic tapes (DATs), which are digital ly (1.1.6) encoded.

  1. Council On Preservation And Access


audiovisual records

  1. Records in pictorial or aural form. Include still and motion pictures; graphic materials, such as posters and origin al art; audio and video recordings; and combinations of media, such as slide-tape productions.

  1. Federal Records Management Glossary


authority control

  1. the process of verifying and authorizing the choice of unique access points, such as personal names and subjects, and ensuring that the access points are consistently applied.

  1. Library Of Virginia Glossary Of Frequently Used Terms And Acronyms Directory


automatic indexing

  1. Indexing of a text done by computer without human intervention (usually by finding the words occurring most frequently within the document ).

  1. Introduction To Imaging: Issues In Constructing An Image Database


backbone

  1. the primary "connection" mechanism of a network. All networks that are connected to an intermediate system on the backbone are assured of connectivity to each other.

  1. Library Of Virginia Glossary Of Frequently Used Terms And Acronyms Directory


backup

  1. Backup is the activity of copying files or data bases so that they will be preserved in case of equipment failure or other catastrophe. Backup is usually a routine part of the operation of large businesses with mainframes as well as the administrators of smaller business computers. For personal computer user s, backup is also necessary but often neglected. The retrieval of files you backed up is called restoring them. also back up see archive see preservation
  2. A copy of stored data . A fixed magnetic disk, for example, can fail - and accidentally destroy the data it contains. A back-up prevents catastrophic loss of valuable information .
  1. Whatis.com Inc.

  2. Price Imaging Corp: Terms & Definitions

bandwidth

  1. measure of the information capacity of a transmission channel on a network. Determines the speed and efficiency with which data travels over the network.
  2. The transmission capacity of a communications channel, usually expressed in bit s or byte s per second (the former is also called baud rate).
  1. Library Of Virginia Glossary Of Frequently Used Terms And Acronyms Directory

  2. Introduction To Imaging: Issues In Constructing An Image Database

bento

  1. A general container format and software API developed by Apple Computer, Inc. OMF Interchange uses Bento as a storage and access system for the information in an OMF Interchange file.
  2. page 274

    defines a container format that you can use in files, network streams, clipboard s, and so on. A Bento file container allows application s to store and retrieve collections of objects in a single structure d file, along with their references -- or links -- to other objects .

    The Bento container is platform neutral; it can store any type of data . In a Bento document , each object has a persistent ID that moves with it from system to system. Bento also supports references between objects in different document s. If there are several drafts of a document , Bento only stores the incremental changes. This makes it easy to maintain different versions of the same document .

    see frame work
  1. Open Media Framework

  2. Essential Distributed Objects Survival Guide

bibliographic information

  1. ASF provides the capability to maintain extensive bibliographic information in a manner that is highly flexible and very extensible. All bibliographic information is stored in the file header in Unicode and is designed for multiple language support, if needed. Bibliographic fields can either be predefined (for example, author and title) or author-defined (for example, search terms). Bibliographic entries can apply to either the whole file or a single media stream.

  1. Advanced Streaming Format White Paper


big-endian and little-endian

  1. Big-endian and little-endian are terms that describe the order in which a sequence of byte s are stored in computer memory. Big-endian is an order in which the "big end" (most significant value in the sequence) is stored first (at the lowest storage address). Little-endian is an order in which the "little end" (least significant value in the sequence) is stored first. For example, in a big-endian computer, the two byte s required for the hexadecimal number 4F52 would be stored as 4F52 in storage (if 4F is stored at storage address 1000, for example, 52 will be at address 1001). In a little-endian system, it would be stored as 524F (52 at address 1000, 4F at 1001). IBM's 370 computers, most RISC-based computers, and Motorola microprocessors use the big-endian approach. For people who use languages that read left-to-right, this seems like the natural way to think of a storing a string of characters or numbers - in the same order you expect to see it presented to you. Many of us would thus think of big-endian as storing something in forward fashion, just as we read. On the other hand, Intel processors (CPUs) and DEC Alphas and at least some program s that run on them are little-endian. An argument for little-endian order is that, for numeric values , as you increase them, you add digits to the left. Thus, an addition of two numbers often requires moving all the digits of a big-endian ordered number in storage. In a number stored in little-endian fashion, the least significant byte s can stay where they are and new numbers can be added to the left. This means that some computer operations may be simpler and faster to perform. Language compiler s such as that of Javaor FORTRAN have to know which way the object code they develop is going to be stored. Converters can be used to change one kind of endian to the other when necessary. Note that within both big-endian and little-endian byte orders, the bit s within each byte are big-endian. That is, there is no attempt to be big- or little-endian about the entire bit stream represented by a given number of stored byte s. For example, whether hexadecimal 4F is put in storage first or last with other byte s in a given storage address range, the bit order within the byte will be: 01001111 It is possible to be big-endian or little-endian about the bit order, but CPUs and program s are almost always designed for a big-endian bit order. In data transmission, however, it is possible to have either bit order. Eric Raymond observes that Internet domain name addresses and e-mail addresses are little-endian. For example, a big-endian version of our domain name address would be: com.whatis.www Big-endian and little-endian derive from Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels in which the Big Endians were a political faction that broke their eggs at the large end ("the primitive way") and rebelled against the Lilliputian King who required his subjects (the Little Endians) to break their eggs at the small end.
  2. refers to which byte s are most significant in multi-byte data types . In big-endian architecture s, the leftmost byte s (those with a lower address) are most significant. In little-endian architecture s, the rightmost byte s are most significant. For example, consider the number 1025 (2 to the tenth power plus one) stored in a 4-byte integer 00000000 00000000 00000100 00000001 Address Big-Endian representation of 1025 Little-Endian representation of 1025 00 01 02 03 00000000 00000000 00000100 00000001 00000001 00000100 00000000 00000000 Many mainframe computers, particularly IBM mainframes, use a big-endian architecture . Most modern computers, including PCs, use the little-endian system. The PowerPC system is bi-endian because it can understand both systems. Converting data between the two systems is sometimes referred to as the NUXI problem. Imagine the word UNIX stored in two 2-byte words. In a Big-Endian systems, it would be stored as UNIX. In a little-endian system, it would be stored as NUXI. Note that the example above shows only big- and little-endian byte orders. The bit ordering within each byte can also be big- or little-endian, and some architecture s actually use big-endian ordering for bit s and little-endian ordering for byte s, or vice versa. The terms big-endian and little-endian are derived from the Lilliputians of Gulliver's Travels, whose major political issue was whether soft-boiled eggs should be opened on the big side or the little side. Likewise, the big-/little-endian computer debate has much more to do with political issues than technological merits.
  1. Whatis.com Inc.

  2. Pcwebopedia

binary

  1. Pertaining to a number system that has just two unique digits. For most purposes, we use the decimal number system, which has ten unique digits, 0 through 9. All other numbers are then formed by combining these ten digits. Computers are based on the binary numbering system, which consists of just two unique numbers, 0 and 1. All operations that are possible in the decimal system (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division) are equally possible in the binary system. We use the decimal system in everyday life because it seems more natural (we have ten fingers and ten toes). For the computer, the binary system is more natural because of its electrical nature (charged versus uncharged).

  1. Pcwebopedia


binary code

  1. A code using two distinct characters, normally 0 and 1

  1. Federal Records Management Glossary


binary compatible

  1. Having the exact same data format , down to the binary level. That is, two files that are binary compatible will have the same pattern of zeroes and ones in the data portion of the file. The file header , however, may be different. The term is used most commonly to state that data files produced by one application are exactly the same as data files produced by another application . For example, many software companies now produce application s for Windows and the Macintosh that are binary compatible , which means that a file produced in a Windows environment is interchangeable with a file produced on a Macintosh. This avoids many of the conversion problems caused by importing and exporting data .

  1. Pcwebopedia


binary format

  1. A format for representing data used by some application s. The other main format s for storing data are text format s (such as ASCII and EBCDIC), in which each character of data is assigned a specific code number. Binary format s are used for executable program s and numeric data , whereas text format s are used for textual data . Many files contain a combination of binary and text format s. Such files are usually considered to be binary files even though they contain some data in a text format .

  1. Pcwebopedia


binary number

  1. A number that can be represented using only two numeric symbol s - 0 and 1. A number in base 2.

  1. Magnetic Tape Storage And Handling


bit

  1. A single numeric character. Each bit of a binary number can either be 0 or 1. An n-bit number is composed of exactly n numeric characters. An n-bit
    binary number can have 2n distinct values . For example, an 8-bit binary number has 28 = 256 distinct values , namely all the numbers between 00000000
    (0 in decimal) and 11111111 (255 in decimal), inclusive. 8-bit quantization would discretely sample a signal and assign each sampling a value between 0
    and 255, permitting 256 possible values .
  2. physically, a memory cell within the computer and the smallest unit of information in a computer. The value of a bit represents a simple two-way choice, such as yes or no, on or off, positive or negative, something or nothing.
  3. The small unit of information (usually either a 0 or a 1) recognizable by a computer. A combination of binary digit.
  1. Magnetic Tape Storage And Handling


  2. Federal Records Management Glossary
bit 2

  1. A member selected from a binary set. Bit is an abbreviation for binary digit.

  1. Task Force For Harmonized Standards For The Exchange Of Program Material


bit block transfer

  1. An optimized movement of a large block of computer memory from one location to another. Used for moving images or sub-images to and from areas of
    computer memory.

  1. Imaging Dictionary


bit-mapped graphics

  1. A method of generating images by representing a picture image as a matrix of dots or picture elements, such as in an optical disk system. Also called raster graphics.

  1. Federal Records Management Glossary


bitmap

  1. also bit map An image is called a bit map if it contains a value for each of its pixel s. This is the opposite of vector images where a small set of values can generate an object.
  2. An image created from a series of bit s and byte s that form pixel s. Each pixel can vary in color or gray-scale value. Also known as a raster image.
  3. Image data bit s or pixel s are acquired, stored or "mapped" into memory, and/or displayed in the exact position as in the origin al view, document , or scene. Representation of digitized characters or graphics by individual pixel s arranged in row (horizontal) and column (vertical) order. Each pixel is represented by either one bit (simple black & white) or up to 86 bit s (high definition gray scale).
  1. Imaging Dictionary

  2. Introduction To Imaging: Issues In Constructing An Image Database

  3. Price Imaging Corp: Terms & Definitions
BMP

  1. Format origin ator: Microsoft Corporation 16011 NE 36th Way, Box 97917/Redmond, WA 98073

  1. Imaging Dictionary


bootstrap standard

  1. Choosing a particular transparent annotation format has the effect of adopting a "bootstrap standard" that solves the problem of interpreting recursive encapsulation s: this bootstrap enables a future reader to decipher some initial portion of the metadata annotating an encapsulated record. This initial explanatory annotation can in turn explain how to read the encapsulated record itself.
    see encapsulation
    see self description

  1. Metadata To Support Data Quality And Longevity


browse image

  1. A small image (usually derived from a larger one). Browse images (often called "thumbnails") permit a user to view a dozen or more images on a single screen.

  1. Introduction To Imaging: Issues In Constructing An Image Database


browser

  1. a computer program that provides access to the World Wide Web. The browser reads document s and can fetch document s from other sources. Information providers such as VLIN set up "hypermedia" server s from which browsers can get document s. Mosaic, Netscape, and Lynx are examples of browsers. see reader see media compiler
  2. A browser is a program that provides a way to look at, read, and even hear all the information on the World Wide Web. The word "browser" seems to have origin ated prior to the Web as a generic term for user interfaces that let you browse text files online. By the time the first Web browser with a graphical user interface was invented (it was called Mosaic), the term seemed to apply to Web content, too. Technically, a Web browser is a client program that uses the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) to make requests of Web server s throughout the Internet on behalf of the browser user . Currently, the most popular browser is Netscape Navigator. Microsoft's Internet Explorer is gaining usage as Windows 95 installations grow. A commercial version of the origin al browser, Mosaic, is in use. Other browsers include the browsers for the online services, America Online, Compuserve, and Prodigy, but these are beginning to offer Netscape or Internet Explorer in addition to or as a replacement for their own. Lynx is a text-only browser for UNIX shell and VMS user s.
  3. Short for Web browser, a software application used to locate and display Web pages. The two most popular browsers are Netscape Navigator and Microsoft Internet Explorer. Both of these are graphical browsers, which means that they can display graphics as well as text. In addition, most modern browsers can present multimedia information , including sound and video , though they require plug-ins for some format s.
  1. Library Of Virginia Glossary Of Frequently Used Terms And Acronyms Directory

  2. Whatis.com Inc.

  3. Pcwebopedia
byte

  1. The number of bit s representing a character to a computer, normally 8 bit s.

  1. Federal Records Management Glossary


byte stream

  1. Data that consists of an unbroken stream of byte s.

    see stream

  1. Ibm Programming Guide


capture technology

  1. Capture Technology refers to the technology used to transform the images or information contained in the origin al document into some other form, the form
    dependent upon the overall media conversion technology being used. This term is not relevant to Conservation (3.1.1) or Deacidification (3.1.2), which are
    conservation technologies, and do not employ media conversion techniques. Printing (see 1.1.1) on paper, is of course also a capture technology.

  1. Council On Preservation And Access


catalog

  1. a list of items that records, describes, and indexes the resources of a collection, a library, or a group of libraries. cataloging: the process of preparing a catalog or entries for a catalog. This includes the classification and assignment of subject headings for books and materials and determining all points of access to the record.
  2. When the library and information community discuss metadata , the most common analog y given is the library catalogue record. Priscilla Caplan, for example, has defined metadata as a neutral term for cataloguing without the "excess baggage" of the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules or the MARC format s [1]. The most well-known metadata initiative, the Dubin Core Metadata Element Set, has the specific aim of supporting resource discovery in a network environment.
  1. Library Of Virginia Glossary Of Frequently Used Terms And Acronyms Directory

  2. Extending Metadata For Digital Preservation

CIMI

  1. An acronym and logotype for all the efforts on behalf of the Computer Interchange of Museum Information undertaken by the Museum Computer
    Network to support the development and implementation of standards for automated recording and retrieval of museum information .

  1. Glossary Of Cimi Terms


class hierarchy

  1. The hierarchical list of object classes and subclasses in OMF Interchange that determines the inherited properties of each class.

  1. Open Media Framework


classification

  1. systematic scheme for the arrangement of books and materials according to subject or form. The arrangement of series or files within a record group or groups within an archival collection.
  2. A system for assigning certain letters or numbers to books in order to group them in different subject areas. PUL uses two classification systems:
    LC - Library of Congress classification system developed at the largest library in the country, the Library of Congress in Washington,
    D.C.
    Richardson - a classification system developed at the turn of the century by Ernest Richardson, a Princeton University Librarian.
  3. (1) The process of determining the sequence or order in which to arrange document s. See also ARRANGEMENT, FILE DESIGNATION.
    (2) See FILING SYSTEM. (3) The process or result of identifying records containing national security information . See also CLASSIFIED INFORMATION,
    DECLASSIFICATION.
  1. Library Of Virginia Glossary Of Frequently Used Terms And Acronyms Directory


  2. Federal Records Management Glossary
client-server

  1. relationship in network and distributed systems in which one computer (client) requests data or support from another computer (server).
  2. An implementation of computer technology, in contrast to mainframe or "host" based systems, which distribute computing activity over several machines. Typically, but not exclusively, client/server architecture involves having the principal data base stored on a high powered machine that acts as a "server" while the application or end-user interface runs on a workstation with computing power of its own, like a pc. This pc would be called the client. Client software typically is written to query the server , retrieve large amounts of data from it, and perform data manipulation and presentation on the client machine. In host/mainframe architecture , the data storage and manipulation all takes place on the central computer.
  3. A systems architecture design that divides functions (which might be part of a single application ) between two or more computers. The client is the machine that requests information ; the server is the machine that supplies it. A typical client/server architecture for imaging might allow a server to store and transmit a compressed file, and the client to decompress, process, and display the image.
  1. Library Of Virginia Glossary Of Frequently Used Terms And Acronyms Directory

  2. Technical Services Department Glossary

  3. Introduction To Imaging: Issues In Constructing An Image Database
clipboard

  1. The clipboard is a windows data structure used to exchanged data between application s. It is a common area where application s and place data and others can access it. These operations are usually referred to as Cut (place data in) and Paste (take data out).

  1. Imaging Dictionary


color space

  1. A mathematical coordinate system (space) for assigning numerical values to colors. There are many ways to define such spaces, each with its own benefits and
    problems. See CMY & CMYK, IHS, HSL, HSV, Lab (L*a*b*), RGB, YCrCb,YIQ.

  1. Imaging Dictionary


Common Information System

  1. Common Information System, designed to enable global automation of rights management by 2000. Identifiers drive every aspect of the system. Global data bases either already exist or are planned to enable identification of: interested parties sound recordings - an ISO standard twelve character code music (International Standard Music Number (ISMN) - an ISO standard nine digit number, the last being a check digit, prefixed by the letter M) works (International Standard Work Code (ISWC) - proposed ISO standard based on ISMN syntax using T as prefix) agreements (International Standard Agreement Number (ISAN) - still to be created) audio -visual works (Numero Unique d'Identification (NUI) - still to be finalised)
    see unique identifier s
  2. The Common Information System (CIS) and the International Standard Work Code (ISWC)

    The music industry and community of authors' societies have some particularly complex copyright
    management requirements and have devised a Common Information System (CIS) designed to
    integrate and standardise a number of key data bases outlined below. Initiatives are directed by the
    International Confederation of Authors and Composers' Societies (CISAC) and the International
    Federation of Phonograph Industries (IFPI).

    The Compositeur, Auteur, Editeur (CAE) number currently identifies the creators and publishers
    of music and literary texts. It is an entirely 'dumb' number which is to be extended to encompass all
    CISAC repertoires including visual, audio visual and plastic arts, and renamed as an Interested
    Party (IP) number.

    The International Standard Music Number (ISMN) identifies the published edition of printed
    music.

    The International Standard Recording Code (ISRC) identifies individual sound recordings (such as
    make up the music tracks on CDs).

    The International Standard AudioVisual Number (ISAN) is a new joint development of CISAC and
    the film producers group AGICOA, which identifies individual audio visual works such as film or
    television program mes in a similar fashion to the ISRC.

    The cross-industry EAN/UPC article number, which can also be expressed as a barcode, is used to
    identify the carrier of the recorded music (e.g. the CD, tape cassette etc.).

    The International Standard Work Code (ISWC) identifies the musical composition itself, rather
    that the printed or recorded expression of the work

    The ISWC is a recent development, successfully piloted for music in the first half of 1996, and it
    has been suggested that it could be extended to cover literature and visual arts as well as music.
    The ISWC, origin ally ten characters, has now been extended to eleven. The first character is, for
    the music world, the letter 'T' (for tune) followed by a unique nine digit number and a check digit.
    One or more single letter prefixes could be allocated to the literary and visual arts community. The
    International Federation of Reproduction Rights Organisations (IFRRO) has expressed its intention
    to adopt the ISWC 'L' for literature as the way in which they will identify literary works.

    ISWC is a 'dumb' number which cannot be reconstructed from the actual work. Its level of
    granularity is arbitrary and it can therefore be assigned to any fragment that needs to be uniquely
    identified (e.g. separate ISWCs for a whole opera and an aria within that opera).

    Doubts have been expressed about the capacity of the system, but the extension of the number has
    gone some way towards allaying fears concerning its adequacy. ISWC appears to be a
    complementary and not a competitive initiative to those of the book and serials publishing industry.
  1. Tools And Standards For Protection, Control And Presentation Of Data

  2. Unique Identifiers: A Brief Introduction

compatibility and conversion

  1. Wrappers must be compatible with existing format s, including format s for Essence (however stored or
    transported), and format s for Metadata. In addition, the use of Wrappers must be compatible with
    established working practices.
    It is recognized, however, that when existing Essence and Metadata format s are included within program
    material, some of the benefits to be obtained from new Wrapper format s may not be available.
    · A format is Compatible with a Wrapper format when Metadata or Essence can be directly placed in a
    Wrapper from the source format or directly exported from a Wrapper.
    · Lossless Conversion is possible when Metadata or Essence cannot be directly used but can be
    translated to or from the Wrapper with some processing, and the conversion can be fully reversed.
    · Lossy Conversion is possible when Metadata or Essence cannot be directly used but can be translated
    to or from the Wrapper with some processing, and some loss of meaning or quality, and the conversion
    cannot be fully reversed.
    Users require Lossless Conversion or better in all cases, except where Content from outside a Wrapper is
    involved; in which case, user s require Lossy Conversion or better.

  1. Task Force For Harmonized Standards For The Exchange Of Program Material


compatible

  1. n) Indicates that a product can work with or is equivalent to another, better-known product. The term is often used as a shorthand for IBM-compatible PC , a computer that is compatible with an IBM PC. Another term for a compatible is clone. (adj) The ability of one device or program to work with another device or program . The term compatible implies different degrees of partnership. For example, a printer and a computer are said to be compatible if they can be connected to each other. An IBM compatible PC, on the other hand, is a computer that can run the same software as an IBM PC. Compatibility of two devices, such as printers, usually means that they react to software commands in the same way. Some printers achieve compatibility by tricking the software into believing that the printer is a different machine. This is called emulation . Be aware, however, that hardware compatibility does not always extend to expansion slots. For example, two compatible printers may not accept the same font cartridges. Complete hardware compatibility is denoted by the term plug compatible. Software products are compatible if they use the same data format s. For example, many program s are compatible with dBASE. This means that the files they produce can easily be transform ed into a dBASE data base or that they can import dBASE files.

  1. Pcwebopedia


compiler

  1. program that translates source code into object code . The compiler derives its name from the way it works, looking at the entire piece of source code and collecting and reorganizing the instructions. Thus, a compiler differs from an interpreter, which analyzes and executes each line of source code in succession, without looking at the entire program . The advantage of interpreters is that they can execute a program immediately. Compilers require some time before an executable program emerges. However, program s produced by compilers run much faster than the same program s executed by an interpreter. Every high-level program ming language (except strictly interpretive languages) comes with a compiler. In effect, the compiler is the language, because it defines which instructions are acceptable. Because compilers translate source code into object code , which is unique for each type of computer, many compilers are available for the same language. For example, there is a FORTRAN compiler for PCs and another for Apple Macintosh computers. In addition, the compiler industry is quite competitive, so there are actually many compilers for each language on each type of computer. More than a dozen companies develop and sell C compilers for the PC
  2. A compiler is a special program that processes statements written in a particular program ming language and turns them into machine language or "code" that a computer's processor uses. Typically, a program mer writes language statements in a language such as Pascal or C one line at a time using an editor. This file contains what is called the source statements. The program mer then runs the appropriate language compiler, specifying the name of the file that contains the source statements. When executing (running), the compiler first parses (or analyzes) all of the language statements syntactically one after the other and then, in one or more successive stages or "passes", builds the output code, making sure that statements that refer to other statements are referenced correctly in the final code. Traditionally, the output of the compilation has been called object code or sometimes an object module. (Note that the term "object" here is not related to object-oriented program ming.) The object code is machine code that the processor can process or "execute" one instruction at a time.

    More recently, the Java program ming language, an object-oriented language, has introduced the possibility of compiling output (called byte code) that can run on any computer system platform for which a Java virtual machine or byte code interpreter is provided to convert the byte code into instructions that can be executed by the actual hardware processor. Using this virtual machine , the byte code can optionally be recompiled at the execution platform by a just-in-time (JIT) compiler. Traditionally in some operating system s, an additional step was required after compilation - that of resolving the relative location of instructions and data when more than one object module was to be run at the same time and they cross-refered to each other's instruction sequences or data . This process was sometimes called linkage editing and the output known as a load module.

    A compiler works with what are sometimes called 3GL, 4GL, and 5GL languages. An assembler works on program s written using a processor's assembler language.
  1. Pcwebopedia

  2. Whatis.com Inc.

composition agnostic

  1. ASF is "agnostic" as to any particular codec (like MPEG), communication protocol (like HTTP, RTP, or multicast IP), or media composition frame work (like MPEG-4 or Dynamic HTML). But ASF is intended to support all of these, and more.

    A composition-agnostic system such as ASF can be remarkably efficient for storing any media, regardless of whether it has composition associated with it or not.

    see platform neutral

  1. Advanced Streaming Format White Paper


compositional information

  1. The actual audio , video , still, and other media data makes up only part of the information involved in authoring. There is also compositional information , which describes how sections of audio , video or still images are combined and modified. Given the many creative decisions involved in composing the separate elements into a final presentation, interchanging compositional information as well as media data is extremely desirable, especially when using a diverse set of authoring tools. AAF includes a rich base set of media effects (such as transitions or chroma-key effects), which can be used to modify or transform the media in a composition. These effects use the same binary plug-in model used to support codecs, media handle rs or other digital processes to be used to process the media to create the desired impact.

  1. Advanced Authoring Format Specification


compound document

  1. The document is captured as a combination of image and format ted or unformatted text .
  2. In information technology, a compound document is an organized collection of user interfaces that form a single integrated perceptual environment. A compound document includes a data structure that contains different data types , such as text, audio files, and motion video files. A compound document is also an application environment containing program objects that can be interlinked and interacted with by a user . Compound document s can be formed of information parts that origin ate from different sources and that are assembled "on the fly." Microsoft's new Internet Explorer desktop was developed using the compound document concept. Microsoft's OLE is a frame work for assembling and managing compound document s. OpenDoc is an alternative standard.
  3. An alphanumeric file that has more than one element (text, graphics, voice, video ) mixed together. A digital electronic image that is recognized by OCR is a compound document .
  1. Council On Preservation And Access

  2. Whatis.com Inc.

  3. Price Imaging Corp: Terms & Definitions
compound document 2

  1. A single document containing multiple, heterogeneous data types , each created, presented and edited by its own software . A compound document is made up of parts.

  1. Ibm Programming Guide


compound document access

  1. Compound document s are document s that contain both textually and other forms of encoded information , including image (see 3.3.4). Techniques are being
    developed for expanding the concept of text searching to searching of full compound document s, including those containing image objects [30]. A full glossary
    of such techniques, however, is premature and beyond the scope of this document .

  1. Council On Preservation And Access


compression

  1. Compression refers to the extent to which the encoded form of the preserved or reformatted document has been modified to reduce the amount of storage space required by the storage medium. The technique takes advantage of the great redundancy that is present in much recorded data , particularly in image document s (3.1.5.1). Savings of storage of factors of ten or more may readily be achieved depending upon the scanning resolution and methodology employed (3.2.3), the type of material being scanned, and the particular compression method used. Although without compression the storage requirements grow rapidly as the square of the scanning resolution (3.2.3), with effective compression methods the storage requirements can be constrained to grow almost linearly with the scanning resolution . This is because advantage is taken of the greater data redundancy accruing from the increase of scanning resolution --compression effectively eliminates or reduces this data redundancy. Thus, the greater the redundancy of information contained in the scanned material, the more compression is possible--continuous tone photographs, for example, often contain large amounts of redundant information . Compression is an important factor in the economics and efficacy of digital preservation .

    see data compression
  2. Compression (imaging) An image processing method of saving valuable disk and memory space by reducing the amount of space required to save a digital image. The graphics data is rewritten so that it is represented by a smaller set of data . Not to be confused with encoding. See also lossless and lossy compression.
  3. Compression is the process of reducing the number of bit s required to represent information by removing redundancy. In the case of information content such as video and audio it is usually necessary to extend this process by removing in addition information that is not redundant but is considered less important. Reconstruction from the compressed bit stream thus leads to the addition of distortions or Òartifacts.Ó Compression for video and audio is therefore not normally lossless.
  1. Council On Preservation And Access

  2. Imaging Dictionary

  3. Task Force For Harmonized Standards For The Exchange Of Program Material
compression 2

  1. Also see data compression . The process of reducing the number of byte s required for digitized image storage and transmission by "removing" unused white space from an image such as common business document s, printed pages, and engineering drawings.

  1. Price Imaging Corp: Terms & Definitions


compression algorithm s

  1. The formula by which digital data sets are compressed.

    see alogorithm

  1. Price Imaging Corp: Terms & Definitions


compression ratio

  1. The ratio of a file's uncompressed size over its compressed size.

  1. Imaging Dictionary


computer workstation

  1. A device capable of supporting the creation, storage, access , distribution, or presentation of digital electronic document s (1.1.6), ranging from special purpose devices such as electronic typewriters through microcomputers to high-performance engineering or desktop publishing workstations or even large mainframe computers. They may vary considerably in performance, as typically measured by the computer's internal processing speed, storage capacity, and ability to move data between its various devices. The traditional distinction between a personal computer (PC) and a high-performance workstation is blurring, and the term workstation is generically used to cover both.

  1. Council On Preservation And Access


Computer-Output Microfilm (COM)

  1. The capability to directly produce microfilm ed images from computer-generated signals; the conversion of electronic pulses into light beams.

    see digital -to-analog

  1. Price Imaging Corp: Terms & Definitions


concrete format

  1. The container format must fully define the concrete details of the container (where the bit s go), not just an API. The specification s must be clear and complete enough to ensure that developers who implement the format can interoperate.

  1. Bento Specification


conditional access

  1. A means of allowing system user s to access only those services that are authorised to them.

  1. Digital Audio-visual Council


container

  1. Containers All Bento objects are stored in containers. Bento knows very little about a container beyond the objects in it. However, the container always contains a distingushed object, and application s can add arbitrary properties to that object, so application s can specify further information about the container if they wish. Containers are often files, but they can also be many other forms of storage. For example, in various application s developers already support the following types of containers: blocks of memory, the clipboard , network messages, and Bento values . Undoubtedly other types of containers will be useful as well.

    see wrapper
  2. An object container is just some form of data storage or transmission (such as a file, a piece of RAM, or an inter-application message) that is used to hold one or more objects (both their metadata and their values ). Bento containers are defined by a set of rules for storing multiple objects in a such a container, so that software that understands the rules can find the objects , figure out what kind of objects they are, and use them correctly. This is basically a simple idea, and Bento is a simple format . However, it was tricky to design, because it has to accomodate an enormous variety of different kinds of objects , different
    ways that application s want to use objects , and system considerations about how data can be stored.
    Bento is intended to provide a container definition that can conveniently, efficiently, and reliably hold all the different kinds of objects that user s and application s want to group together, store, and exchange. Bento does not define how any given object is structure d internally, because there are already a very large number of different object format s around today, and we are still inventing new ones. Objects stored in an Bento container can have proprietary or standard format s, they can be designed to use the Bento mechanisms or they can be completely ignorant of the the existance of Bento.
  3. The result of the Warwick Workshop is a proposal for a container architecture , known as the Warwick
    Framework. The frame work is a mechanism for aggregating logically, and perhaps concretely (through
    the use of specific data structure s), distinct packages of metadata . This is a modularization of the
    metadata issue with a number of notable characteristics.
    · It allows the designers of individual metadata sets to focus on their specific requirements and to
    work within their specific areas of expertise, without concerns for generalization to ultimately
    unbounded scope.
    · It allows the syntax of metadata sets to vary in conformance with semantic requirements,
    community practices, and functional (processing) requirements for the kind of metadata in
    question.
    · It distributes management of and responsibility for specific metadata sets among their respective
    "communities of expertise".
    · It promotes interoperability and extensibility by allowing tools and agents to selectively access
    and manipulate individual packages and ignore others.
    · It permits access to different metadata sets related to the same object to be separately controlled.
    · It flexibly accommodates future metadata sets by not requiring changes to existing sets or the
    programs that make use of them.
  1. Bento Specification


container 2

  1. 1) In Sun Microsystems' JavaBeans component architecture and in Microsoft's Component Object Model (COM), a container is an application program or subsystem in which the program building block known as a component is run. For example, a component - such as a button or other graphical user interface or a small calculator or data base requestor - can be developed using JavaBeans that can run in Netscape container s such as browser s and in Microsoft container s such as Internet Explorer, Visual Basic, and Word. 2) In the Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) Interface Repository, a hierarchy for metadata , a Container is one of three abstract superclasses (along with IRObject, and Contained).
  2. container (1) An object that holds other objects . A folder is an example of a container object. (2) A holder of persistent data (documents); part of the OpenDoc container suite. (3) A container is specified in an object specifier record by a keyword-specified descriptor record with the keyword keyAEContainer. The keyword-specified descriptor record is usually another object specifier record. It can also be a null descriptor record. The objects a container contains can be either elements or properties.
  1. Whatis.com Inc.

  2. Ibm Programming Guide

container suite

  1. A document storage architecture , built on top of a platform 's native file system, that allows for the creation, storage, and retrieval of compound document s. A container suite is implemented as a set of OpenDoc classes: container s, document s, drafts, and storage units.

    See Bento.

  1. Ibm Programming Guide


content component

  1. Each individual item, either Essence or Metadata, is called a Content Component Ð for example, a block of audio samples, or a timecode word. A Wrapper contains some number of Content Components, built into a logical structure .

  1. Task Force For Harmonized Standards For The Exchange Of Program Material


content element

  1. A Content Element (CE) consists only of Essence of a single type, plus any Metadata directly related only to that Essence Ð for example, the blocks of samples of a video signal plus the Format Metadata describing the sample structure plus the Descriptive Metadata identifying the origin of the signal. An exception to this definition is when a Content Element can be generated entirely from Metadata, without the need for Essence Ð for example, an encoded subtitle. Types of Essence include Video, Audio, Graphics, Still Images, Text, and other sensor data as needed by each application .

  1. Task Force For Harmonized Standards For The Exchange Of Program Material


content information (ci)

  1. That set of information that is the primary target for preservation . It is distinguished from Preservation Description Information which is used to assist in the preservation of the Content Information. An example of Content Information could be a single table of numbers representing, and understandable as, temperatures but it excludes the document ation which would explain its history and origin , how it relates to other observations, etc.

  1. Reference Model For An Oais


content item

  1. A Content Item (CI) consists of a collection of one or more Content Elements, plus any Metadata directly related to the Content Item itself or required to associate the component parts (Content Elements) together Ð for example, a video clip.

  1. Task Force For Harmonized Standards For The Exchange Of Program Material


content neutral

  1. The container format must store any kind of content efficiently, and must not be biased toward any particular kind of content. The container itself should be clearly separated from the content, so that the same software can be used to access the container regardless of what kind of content it holds.
  2. Content neutral The container format must store any kind of content efficiently, and must not be biased toward any particular kind of content. The container itself should be clearly sepa-rated from the content, so that the same software can be used to access the container regardless of what kind of content it holds.
  1. Bento Specification


content package

  1. A Content Package (CP) consists of a collection of one or more Content Items or Content Elements, plus any Metadata directly related to the Content Package itself or required to associate the component parts (Content Items and Content Elements) together Ð for example, a program composed of video plus audio plus subtitles plus description.
  2. A content package is a collection of separate MPEG streams that represent the content of a title
    (including audio and video ) at various playback speeds.
    There are two types of files that together describe each of the (potentially) multiple bit streams that
    make up a content package:

    the data file containing the MPEG-encoded data ;
    the index file that contains information on how a specific data file is related to the rest of the
    content.

    In addition to a data file/index file pair for each bit stream, a content package contains a single
    Table of Contents (TOC) file. The TOC file contains information on each of the bit streams in the
    content package.
  1. Task Force For Harmonized Standards For The Exchange Of Program Material

  2. Sun Microsystems: Creating A Content Package

content provider

  1. one who owns or is licensed to sell content.

  1. Digital Audio-visual Council


content ratings

  1. This is a description of attributes of an object within a multidimensional scaled rating scheme as assigned by some rating authority; an example might be the suitability of the content for various audiences, similar to the well-know movie rating systems used by the MPAA. The technical subcommittee of PICS 9 (Platform for Internet Content Selection) in the IETF is an effort to create a frame work for defining such content ratings. Note that content ratings have application s far beyond simple filtering on sex and violence levels, however; they are likely to play important roles in future collaborative filtering systems, for example.

  1. Warwick Framework: A Container Architecture For Aggregating Sets Of Metadata


content-information

  1. information that does not alter the state of the object intercepting the information flow, e.g., audio , video , or data in a television program that is processed transparently by a television receiver (the control state of the receiver will not change as a result of such information )

  1. Digital Audio-visual Council


context information

  1. Information that document s the relationships of the Content Information to its environment. This includes why the Content Information was created, and how it relates to other Content Information objects existing elsewhere.

  1. Reference Model For An Oais


control plane (cp)

  1. a classification for objects that interact to establish, maintain, and release resources and provide session , transport, and connection control functions that facilitate transparent information transfers between ISP clients.

  1. Digital Audio-visual Council


control systems

  1. Control systems are designed to allow the owners of valued data assets to institute means of checking, regulating, supervising, verifying and, if necessary, restraining access to and uses of those assets . Having the ability to control a data asset is a pre-requisite to conducting transactions related to it. As transactions produce revenues it is in this area that most work is focused.

  1. Tools And Standards For Protection, Control And Presentation Of Data


conversion

  1. The process of preparing document s, capturing, and indexing current files for use on an imaging system.

  1. Price Imaging Corp: Terms & Definitions


copyright

  1. Copyright refers to a means of legal protection provided to the author(s) of origin al published and unpublished works that have been "fixed in a tangible form
    of expression," in order to afford such authors the exclusive right of exploitation, in particular the right to control the reproduction, distribution, performance,
    or display of the work, or to control the preparation of derivative works. [17] Often, exploitation of the work by others requires the consent of the author(s)
    and the payment of a royalty to the author(s), usually in the form of a fixed sum of money for each copy made, shown, or distributed.

    For works copyrighted in the United States after January 1, 1978, protection afforded to the author(s) or the author(s)' estate is usually for the author(s)'
    lifetime plus 50 years. For works created prior to that date, the